A well know danger of partipatory decision making is the "design by committee phenomen", a term "used to refer to suboptimal traits that such a process may produce as a result of having to compromise between the requirements and viewpoints of the participants, particularly in the presence of poor leadership or poor technical knowledge, such as needless complexity, internal inconsistency, logical flaws, banality, and the lack of a unifying vision." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_by_committee).
To prevent this dilution of a concept laid down in a document discuto employs a patented method to indicate which paragraphs to change and which to better leave as they are.
Let me briefly explain the logic of this method based on an example. After participants have voted on the first version of a document one will most probably end up with some disagreeing votes. In some cases one might be able to get rid of all of these through modifications that accomodate comments. However, this becomes more unlikely the higher the number of participants and paragraphs and it also might well be that one ends up with an increased number of negative votes as in the case of conflicting viewpoints changes made to accomodate dissenters might not be acceptable to consenters of the original version.
In such cases it makes sense to concentrate the efforts on those paragraphs where there is a significant number of disagreements. A simple strategy would be to change those paragraphs where the number of negative votes exceeds the number of positive votes in any case and to modify the other paragraphs only if one is confident that the new formulation is also acceptable to initial consenters. With discuto, one can easily spot these paragraphs via the red-green bar besides the paragraph text, and discuto also automatically notifies the participants that voted on a changed paragraph that a new version is ready for evaluation.
However, this strategy also has its drawbacks. Consider the example discussion given in Table 1. Here, a document comprised of 8 paragraphs P1 to P8 has been discussed by participants E1 to E9. A cell in the resulting voting matrix contains the respective voting, where 1 stands for consent, -1 for a negative vote and 0 for the case when the participant did not vote for the respective paragraph.
Table 1: First Voting Matrix
|
Paragraph Participant |
P1 |
P2 |
P3 |
P4 |
P5 |
P6 |
P7 |
P8 |
Neg. Votes |
Neu. Votes |
|
E1 |
-1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
|
E2 |
-1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-1 |
2 |
5 |
|
E3 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
-1 |
1 |
3 |
|
E4 |
-1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-1 |
0 |
2 |
4 |
|
E5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
-1 |
-1 |
2 |
4 |
|
E6 |
1 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
|
E7 |
1 |
0 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
2 |
|
E8 |
1 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
|
E9 |
1 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
|
Sum |
1 |
0 |
-2 |
1 |
1 |
-2 |
1 |
0 |
24 |
24 |
In this example, paragraphs P3 and P6 have more negative votes than positive ones and therefore should be changed according to our strategy. If the initially consenting participants E1-E4 disagree with the new version while the initially dissenting ones E5-E9 agree to it the voting matrix given in table 2 arises.
Table 2: Expected Voting Matrix after Modifying C3 and C6
|
Paragraph Participant |
P1 |
P2 |
P3 |
P4 |
P5 |
P6 |
P7 |
P8 |
Neg. Votes |
Neu. Votes |
|
E1 |
-1 |
1 |
-1 |
1 |
1 |
-1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
2 |
|
E2 |
-1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-1 |
2 |
5 |
|
E3 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
2 |
3 |
|
E4 |
-1 |
1 |
-1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-1 |
0 |
3 |
4 |
|
E5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
-1 |
-1 |
2 |
4 |
|
E6 |
1 |
-1 |
1 |
-1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
|
E7 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
-1 |
-1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
|
E8 |
1 |
-1 |
1 |
-1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
|
E9 |
1 |
-1 |
1 |
0 |
-1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
|
Sum |
1 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
20 |
24 |
Is this new version of the document an improvement over the old one in terms of agreement by the participants? Cleary, the total number of negative votes has descreased from 24 to 20. Also, the distribution of disagreements has become more evenly. In the original version participants E1 and E3 only had one paragraph they did not like, while E5 to E9 had problems with half of the content. Now all participants object to at least two paragraphs, and E1 and E4 to three. If a compromise with median acceptance is your goal this is fine. However, contentwise such a strategy often leads to a dilution of your original idea, as exemplified by the opening proverb “A camel is a horse designed by committee”. In many cases, it is therefore better to intentionally ignore comments by participants who are critical of a larger number of paragraphs and to incorporate only those changes that are proposed by participants who are overal positive. In our example, for instance, changing paragaphs P1, P7, and P8 can leed to the total satisfaction of participants E1 to E5.
Table 3: Voting Matrix after Modifying P1, P7 and P8
|
Paragraph Participant |
P1 |
P2 |
P3 |
P4 |
P5 |
P6 |
P7 |
P8 |
Neg. Votes |
Neu. Votes |
|
E1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
E2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
5 |
|
E3 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
|
E4 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
|
E5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
|
E6 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
7 |
1 |
|
E7 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
6 |
2 |
|
E8 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
7 |
1 |
|
E9 |
-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
6 |
2 |
|
Sum |
-1 |
0 |
-2 |
1 |
1 |
-2 |
-1 |
0 |
26 |
24 |
The discuto consensus meter automates such analyses. Discuto assigns a higher weight to possible reductions of negative votes / increases of positive votes of participants with a lower number of disgreements. In our example, for instance, discuto weights a change that can reduce the number of negative votes of participant E1 three times higher than a change that consents participant E9. The ratio of the sum of weights of participants that dissented to the sum of weights of participants who consented is then used to rate the paragraphs. Change is strongly recommended for paragraphs where this ratio is equal or larger than 1, while change is not recommened if the ratio is 0. Values between these extremes indicate the strength of the change recommendation for the respective paragraph.
Figure 1: Number of Disagreements in national research strategy discussion
As can be seen from the number of disagreements per participant in a discussion af a national research strategy in figure 1 this differentiation among the participants becomes more profound the larger the number of paragraphs and participants is. The discuto consensus meter is especially valuable in such cases, as here the sheer size of the feedback obtained necessitates a clear focus on the most valuable improvement opportunities.
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Step 2: Initial Configuration
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The Discuto Consensus Meter is a tool used to gauge the level of agreement or consensus among fnf participants in discussions or decision-making processes.
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Understanding and Resolving Canon Printer Errors: B200 and 5B00
Canon printers are known for their reliability and high-quality printing capabilities. However, like any electronic device, they can encounter errors that disrupt their performance. Two common issues that Canon users might face are the B200 and 5B00 errors. Understanding these errors and knowing how to fix them can help you get your Canon printer back up and running smoothly.
What is the Canon B200 Error?
The Canon B200 error is a general printer error that typically indicates a problem with the printer's print head or ink system. This error is often accompanied by flashing lights and a message on the printer's display screen. The B200 error can be triggered by a variety of issues, including clogged print heads, defective ink cartridges, or internal printer malfunctions.
Causes of Canon B200 Error
Clogged Print Heads: One of the most common causes of the B200 error is clogged or dirty print heads. Over time, ink can dry and cause blockages that prevent the printer from functioning correctly.
Defective Ink Cartridges: If one or more of the ink cartridges are defective or not properly installed, it can lead to the B200 error. This can affect the printer's ability to print and may require cartridge replacement.
Printer Firmware Issues: Occasionally, firmware problems can lead to the B200 error. Firmware is the software embedded in your printer that controls its functions. Outdated or corrupted firmware may cause error messages.
Internal Printer Problems: Internal hardware issues, such as damaged components or circuit board problems, can also trigger the B200 error. These issues may require professional repair or replacement of printer parts.
How to Fix the Canon B200 Error
Perform a Print Head Cleaning: Access the printer's maintenance options through the settings menu and select the print head cleaning function. This process helps remove any clogs or debris from the print heads.
Check and Replace Ink Cartridges: Inspect the ink cartridges for any signs of damage or defects. Replace any problematic cartridges with new, compatible ones. Ensure that cartridges are correctly installed and seated.
Update Printer Firmware: Visit Canon’s official website to download and install the latest firmware updates for your printer model. Firmware updates can fix bugs and improve printer performance.
Consult Professional Help: If the above steps do not resolve the issue, it may be necessary to consult a professional technician. Internal hardware problems or more complex issues may require expert repair.
What is the Canon 5B00 Error?
The Canon 5B00 error, also known as the waste ink absorber error, is a specific issue that occurs when the waste ink absorber in your Canon printer becomes full or malfunctions. The waste ink absorber is a component designed to collect excess ink that is not used during printing. When this component reaches its capacity or experiences a malfunction, it triggers the 5B00 error.
Causes of Canon 5B00 Error
Full Waste Ink Absorber: The most common cause of the 5B00 error is that the waste ink absorber has reached its maximum capacity. This is a normal part of the printer's life cycle and requires maintenance or replacement of the absorber.
Faulty Waste Ink Absorber: If the waste ink absorber is damaged or not functioning properly, it can trigger the 5B00 error. This can happen due to wear and tear or manufacturing defects.
Printer Age and Usage: Older printers or those with heavy usage may experience the 5B00 error more frequently as the waste ink absorber becomes saturated over time.
How to Fix the Canon 5B00 Error
Reset the Waste Ink Absorber Counter: Some Canon printers allow you to reset the waste ink absorber counter through a specific procedure or software tool. Refer to your printer's manual for instructions on how to perform this reset.
Replace the Waste Ink Absorber: If resetting the counter does not resolve the issue, you may need to replace the waste ink absorber. This is a component that can be purchased from Canon or a certified repair shop. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for replacing the absorber.
Consult a Professional: If you are uncomfortable performing these tasks yourself or if the problem persists, seek help from a professional technician. They can accurately diagnose the issue and perform necessary repairs.
Regular Maintenance: To prevent future occurrences of the 5B00 error, regularly maintain your printer. This includes cleaning and checking components, monitoring ink levels, and following recommended usage practices.
Conclusion
Both the Canon B200 and 5B00 errors are common issues that can affect the performance of your Canon printer. Understanding the causes and solutions for these errors can help you address them effectively and maintain your printer in good working condition. For the B200 error, focus on print head cleaning, cartridge replacement, and firmware updates. For the 5B00 error, managing the waste ink absorber through resetting or replacement is key. Regular maintenance and timely intervention are essential for keeping your Canon printer running smoothly and efficiently. If problems persist despite your efforts, professional assistance may be required to ensure proper resolution and continued printer performance.
Common Yahoo Mail Issues and How to Resolve Them
Yahoo Mail remains a popular email service for millions of users worldwide. However, like any digital platform, it can encounter various issues that affect its functionality. In this article, we will explore common problems such as a hacked Yahoo account, Yahoo login issues, not receiving Yahoo emails, adjusting Yahoo email spam filter settings, and how to contact Yahoo customer service for further assistance.
Hacked Yahoo Account
One of the most alarming issues Yahoo users may face is discovering their Yahoo account has been hacked. A compromised account can lead to unauthorized access to personal information and other security breaches. If you suspect your account has been hacked, follow these steps to secure it:
For a detailed guide, visit the Hacked Yahoo Account page.
Yahoo Login Issues
Experiencing Yahoo login issues can be frustrating, especially when you need to access important emails. Here are some common reasons and solutions:
For more troubleshooting steps, visit the Yahoo Login Issues page.
Not Receiving Yahoo Emails
If you are not receiving Yahoo emails, it can disrupt your communication and workflow. Here are a few reasons and solutions:
For more detailed troubleshooting, visit the Not Receiving Yahoo Emails page.
Yahoo Email Spam Filter Settings
Managing your Yahoo email spam filter settings is crucial to ensure that your inbox is free from unwanted messages while still receiving important communications. Here's how to adjust your spam filter settings:
For more information on configuring spam filters, visit the Yahoo Email Spam Filter Settings page.
Yahoo Customer Service
For unresolved issues or further assistance, contacting Yahoo customer service is recommended. Yahoo offers various support options, including:
For direct contact information and more details, visit the Yahoo Customer Service page.
Conclusion
Navigating issues with Yahoo Mail can be challenging, but with the right knowledge and resources, many problems can be resolved quickly. Whether you're dealing with a hacked account, login issues, not receiving emails, or spam filter adjustments, this guide provides the steps needed to address these concerns. For additional help, don't hesitate to reach out to Yahoo customer service for personalized support.
Comprehensive Guide to Kaspersky Antivirus: Renewal, Customer Service, and Email Support
Kaspersky Antivirus is renowned for providing robust security solutions for both personal and business use. However, users often encounter questions and challenges related to Kaspersky renewal, accessing Kaspersky customer service, and utilizing Email Support. This article serves as a comprehensive guide to address these aspects, ensuring a seamless experience with Kaspersky Antivirus.
Kaspersky Renewal
Renewing your Kaspersky Antivirus subscription is crucial to maintaining uninterrupted protection against viruses, malware, and other cyber threats. If you're nearing the end of your subscription period, follow these steps to renew:
For detailed information and assistance, visit the Kaspersky Renewal page.
Kaspersky Customer Service
If you encounter issues or have questions about Kaspersky Antivirus, their customer service team is readily available to assist. Here’s how you can reach them:
For more information on contacting customer service, visit the Kaspersky Customer Service page.
Email Support
Kaspersky provides comprehensive Email Support for various issues, including technical difficulties, account management, and product inquiries. Here’s how to make the most out of this support channel:
For comprehensive support across various issues, you can also explore the Email Support page on the official website.
Conclusion
Kaspersky Antivirus offers top-notch security solutions, but understanding how to handle Kaspersky renewal, access Kaspersky customer service, and utilize Email Support can significantly enhance your user experience. Whether you're renewing your subscription, seeking technical support, or simply have questions, the resources provided by Kaspersky ensure you receive the assistance you need. For more information, visit the relevant support pages and keep your digital life secure with Kaspersky.
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